General Psychology (50 Questions)
1. Who is considered the founder of classical conditioning?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Ivan Pavlov
D) John B. Watson
2. What term describes a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience?
A) Reflex
B) Learning
C) Instinct
D) Perception
3. Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating emotions?
A) Limbic System
B) Cerebellum
C) Frontal Lobe
D) Occipital Lobe
4. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need is at the top of the pyramid?
A) Physiological Needs
B) Safety Needs
C) Esteem Needs
D) Self-Actualization
5. Which theory emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in shaping behavior?
A) Behavioral Theory
B) Psychoanalytic Theory
C) Humanistic Theory
D) Cognitive Theory
6. What is the term for a mental framework that helps organize and interpret information?
A) Stereotype
B) Heuristic
C) Schema
D) Prototype
7. Which neurotransmitter is most associated with mood regulation?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) GABA
D) Acetylcholine
8. What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?
A) Observable behaviors
B) Unconscious drives
C) Biological processes
D) Mental processes
9. Which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development occurs during adolescence?
A) Trust vs. Mistrust
B) Identity vs. Role Confusion
C) Industry vs. Inferiority
D) Intimacy vs. Isolation
10. What is the term for attributing one’s own undesirable traits to others?
A) Denial
B) Repression
C) Projection
D) Displacement
11. What is the primary source of motivation according to Drive Reduction Theory?
A) Biological needs
B) External rewards
C) Cognitive appraisal
D) Social influences
12. Which memory system holds information for a very brief period?
A) Short-term memory
B) Sensory memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Working memory
13. What is the term for a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus?
A) Unconditioned response
B) Neutral response
C) Reflexive response
D) Conditioned response
14. Which psychologist developed the concept of the collective unconscious?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Albert Bandura
C) Carl Jung
D) Abraham Maslow
15. What is the term for the tendency to recall the first items in a list?
A) Primacy effect
B) Recency effect
C) Serial position effect
D) Halo effect
16. What is the term for the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information?
A) Perception
B) Memory
C) Attention
D) Cognition
17. Which theory suggests that behavior is influenced by observing others?
A) Classical Conditioning
B) Operant Conditioning
C) Social Learning Theory
D) Cognitive Dissonance Theory
18. What is the term for the discomfort felt when holding conflicting beliefs?
A) Cognitive dissonance
B) Confirmation bias
C) Attribution error
D) Stereotyping
19. Which part of the brain is responsible for voluntary motor movements?
A) Occipital lobe
B) Temporal lobe
C) Parietal lobe
D) Frontal lobe
20. What is the term for a stimulus that naturally triggers a response?
A) Conditioned stimulus
B) Unconditioned stimulus
C) Neutral stimulus
D) Reinforced stimulus
21. Which personality theory emphasizes traits like openness and conscientiousness?
A) Psychoanalytic theory
B) Humanistic theory
C) Trait theory
D) Behavioral theory
22. What is the term for the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal factors in others’ behavior?
A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Self-serving bias
C) Halo effect
D) Confirmation bias
23. Which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development involves object permanence?
A) Preoperational
B) Sensorimotor
C) Concrete operational
D) Formal operational
24. What is the term for a sudden insight or realization in problem-solving?
A) Trial and error
B) Algorithm
C) Heuristic
D) Aha moment
25. Which hormone is associated with stress response?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Cortisol
D) Oxytocin
26. What is the term for the process by which sensory information is interpreted?
A) Perception
B) Sensation
C) Attention
D) Encoding
27. Which theory of motivation emphasizes internal drives like curiosity?
A) Drive reduction theory
B) Intrinsic motivation
C) Extrinsic motivation
D) Instinct theory
28. What is the term for a group’s influence on individual behavior?
A) Social facilitation
B) Social loafing
C) Conformity
D) Obedience
29. Which psychologist is associated with operant conditioning?
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) Carl Rogers
C) Jean Piaget
D) B.F. Skinner
30. What is the term for the tendency to recall the last items in a list?
A) Recency effect
B) Primacy effect
C) Serial position effect
D) Halo effect
31. Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
A) Frontal lobe
B) Occipital lobe
C) Temporal lobe
D) Parietal lobe
32. What is the term for a reward that increases the likelihood of a behavior?
A) Punishment
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Positive reinforcement
D) Extinction
33. Which theory emphasizes personal growth and self-fulfillment?
A) Humanistic theory
B) Behavioral theory
C) Psychoanalytic theory
D) Trait theory
34. What is the term for the process of forgetting due to lack of use?
A) Interference
B) Repression
C) Amnesia
D) Decay
35. Which psychologist is associated with client-centered therapy?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Carl Rogers
C) Albert Bandura
D) Aaron Beck
36. What is the term for a mental shortcut that simplifies decision-making?
A) Algorithm
B) Schema
C) Heuristic
D) Prototype
37. Which part of the nervous system controls involuntary actions like heart rate?
A) Autonomic nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Central nervous system
D) Peripheral nervous system
38. What is the term for the tendency to conform to the majority opinion?
A) Social facilitation
B) Groupthink
C) Social loafing
D) Normative influence
39. Which stage of Freud’s psychosexual development occurs during the first year of life?
A) Anal stage
B) Oral stage
C) Phallic stage
D) Latency stage
40. What is the term for the ability to focus on specific stimuli while ignoring others?
A) Perception
B) Sensation
C) Selective attention
D) Divided attention
41. Which theory explains behavior as a result of rewards and punishments?
A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Social learning theory
D) Cognitive dissonance theory
42. What is the term for a generalized belief about a group of people?
A) Prejudice
B) Discrimination
C) Attribution
D) Stereotype
43. Which part of the brain is involved in memory formation?
A) Cerebellum
B) Hippocampus
C) Medulla
D) Thalamus
44. What is the term for the loss of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is removed?
A) Generalization
B) Discrimination
C) Extinction
D) Spontaneous recovery
45. Which psychologist is known for the hierarchy of needs?
A) Abraham Maslow
B) Carl Jung
C) B.F. Skinner
D) John B. Watson
46. What is the term for the tendency to favor one’s own group over others?
A) Stereotyping
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Ingroup bias
47. Which type of memory stores personal experiences?
A) Procedural memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Semantic memory
D) Sensory memory
48. What is the term for following orders from an authority figure?
A) Conformity
B) Social facilitation
C) Obedience
D) Groupthink
49. Which part of the brain relays sensory and motor signals?
A) Thalamus
B) Hypothalamus
C) Amygdala
D) Cerebellum
50. What is the term for the process of retrieving information from memory?
A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Perception
D) Retrieval
Research Methodology and Statistics (50 Questions)
51. What is the primary purpose of a control group in an experiment?
A) To increase sample size
B) To provide a baseline for comparison
C) To manipulate the independent variable
D) To eliminate the dependent variable
52. What type of research design studies the same group of participants over time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Experimental
C) Longitudinal
D) Correlational
53. What does a p-value less than 0.05 indicate in hypothesis testing?
A) Statistical significance
B) No relationship between variables
C) Practical significance
D) Sampling error
54. Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme values?
A) Median
B) Mode
C) Midrange
D) Mean
55. What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?
A) To increase sample size
B) To control for confounding variables
C) To select the sample
D) To measure the dependent variable
56. Which type of validity refers to how well a test measures what it claims to measure?
A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Construct validity
D) Face validity
57. What is a Type I error in hypothesis testing?
A) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
B) Accepting a false null hypothesis
C) Failing to reject a true null hypothesis
D) Accepting a true alternative hypothesis
58. Which statistical test is used to compare means of two groups?
A) ANOVA
B) Chi-square test
C) Correlation
D) T-test
59. What is the term for the variable manipulated by the researcher?
A) Dependent variable
B) Independent variable
C) Confounding variable
D) Control variable
60. Which sampling method ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of selection?
A) Convenience sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Simple random sampling
D) Stratified sampling
61. What is the purpose of a literature review in research?
A) To summarize existing knowledge
B) To collect primary data
C) To analyze statistical results
D) To design experiments
62. What does a correlation coefficient of -0.8 indicate?
A) No relationship
B) Strong negative relationship
C) Weak positive relationship
D) Perfect positive relationship
63. Which research method involves in-depth investigation of a single case?
A) Survey
B) Experiment
C) Correlational study
D) Case study
64. What is the term for the variable that is measured in an experiment?
A) Independent variable
B) Control variable
C) Dependent variable
D) Confounding variable
65. Which measure of variability describes the average distance from the mean?
A) Standard deviation
B) Range
C) Variance
D) Interquartile range
66. What is the term for a study that observes variables without manipulation?
A) Experimental study
B) Observational study
C) Quasi-experimental study
D) Longitudinal study
67. What is the purpose of a double-blind study?
A) To increase sample size
B) To manipulate variables
C) To reduce bias
D) To select participants
68. Which statistical test is used to analyze categorical data?
A) Chi-square test
B) T-test
C) ANOVA
D) Regression
69. What is a Type II error in hypothesis testing?
A) Rejecting a true null hypothesis
B) Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
C) Accepting a true null hypothesis
D) Rejecting a false alternative hypothesis
70. Which sampling method divides the population into subgroups before sampling?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Stratified sampling
71. What is the term for the consistency of a measurement tool?
A) Validity
B) Bias
C) Reliability
D) Generalizability
72. Which research design compares different age groups at one point in time?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Longitudinal
C) Experimental
D) Case study
73. What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
A) Strong positive relationship
B) No relationship
C) Strong negative relationship
D) Perfect relationship
74. What is the term for a variable that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?
A) Control variable
B) Independent variable
C) Confounding variable
D) Dependent variable
75. Which statistical test compares means across three or more groups?
A) ANOVA
B) T-test
C) Chi-square test
D) Correlation
76. What is the term for the extent to which results can be applied to other populations?
A) Internal validity
B) Construct validity
C) Face validity
D) External validity
77. What is the purpose of a pilot study?
A) To collect final data
B) To test research procedures
C) To analyze statistical results
D) To publish findings
78. Which measure of variability represents the difference between the highest and lowest values?
A) Standard deviation
B) Variance
C) Range
D) Interquartile range
79. What is the term for a hypothesis that predicts no relationship between variables?
A) Null hypothesis
B) Alternative hypothesis
C) Directional hypothesis
D) Research hypothesis
80. Which research method uses questionnaires or interviews to collect data?
A) Experiment
B) Survey
C) Case study
D) Observational study
81. What is the term for the degree to which an experiment is free from alternative explanations?
A) External validity
B) Construct validity
C) Internal validity
D) Face validity
82. Which statistical measure indicates the strength and direction of a relationship?
A) Correlation coefficient
B) Standard deviation
C) Mean
D) Median
83. What is the term for selecting participants based on availability?
A) Random sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Stratified sampling
D) Cluster sampling
84. What is the purpose of an operational definition in research?
A) To summarize findings
B) To select participants
C) To define how variables are measured
D) To analyze data
85. Which statistical test is used to predict one variable based on another?
A) Regression
B) T-test
C) ANOVA
D) Chi-square test
86. What is the term for a sample that does not represent the population?
A) Random sample
B) Stratified sample
C) Cluster sample
D) Biased sample
87. What is the purpose of a placebo in experimental research?
A) To manipulate the independent variable
B) To control for participant expectations
C) To increase sample size
D) To measure the dependent variable
88. Which measure of central tendency represents the most frequent value?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Midrange
89. What is the term for the group receiving the experimental treatment?
A) Experimental group
B) Control group
C) Placebo group
D) Comparison group
90. Which type of research aims to describe phenomena without manipulating variables?
A) Experimental research
B) Descriptive research
C) Quasi-experimental research
D) Longitudinal research
91. What is the term for the spread of data points around the mean?
A) Skewness
B) Kurtosis
C) Variability
D) Central tendency
92. What is the purpose of informed consent in research?
A) To ensure participants understand the study
B) To select the sample
C) To analyze data
D) To publish findings
93. Which statistical test is used to compare proportions?
A) T-test
B) Chi-square test
C) ANOVA
D) Regression
94. What is the term for a study that combines data from multiple studies?
A) Case study
B) Longitudinal study
C) Meta-analysis
D) Cross-sectional study
95. What is the term for the average of squared deviations from the mean?
A) Variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Range
D) Interquartile range
96. Which type of research design lacks random assignment?
A) True experimental design
B) Quasi-experimental design
C) Longitudinal design
D) Cross-sectional design
97. What is the term for the middle value in a dataset?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Midrange
98. What is the purpose of a research hypothesis?
A) To predict the relationship between variables
B) To summarize findings
C) To select participants
D) To analyze data
99. Which type of bias occurs when participants are not randomly selected?
A) Response bias
B) Selection bias
C) Measurement bias
D) Observer bias
100. What is the term for the ethical principle of minimizing harm to participants?
A) Informed consent
B) Confidentiality
C) Beneficence
D) Justice
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